What type of criminological theory emphasizes empirical evidence and determinism?

The correct answer is Positive theory, which emphasizes the use of empirical evidence and supports a determinist perspective on criminal behavior. This theory emerged in the late 19th century and is closely associated with figures like Cesare Lombroso, who believed that criminal behavior could be understood through scientific observation and empirical data, particularly through biology and psychology.

Positive theory posits that human behavior, including criminality, is determined by factors such as genetics, environment, and social conditions, rather than free will or moral choice. This determinism is a significant departure from Classical theory, which emphasizes rational choice and free will, and is instead focused on the underlying causes of crime that can be studied and understood scientifically.

In addition to this, Natural theory and Critical theory do not share the same focus on empirical evidence and determinism. Natural theory often relates to concepts derived from philosophy and natural law, while Critical theory emphasizes the social context of crime and power dynamics rather than deterministic explanations based on empirical data. Thus, Positive theory is distinctly aligned with the emphasis on empirical evidence and a determinist view of criminal behavior.