What does Beccaria's philosophy emphasize about criminals?

Beccaria's philosophy emphasizes the concept of rational choice in criminal behavior. He argued that individuals possess the ability to make decisions and weigh the consequences of their actions, which includes the decision to commit crimes. According to his view, potential criminals will evaluate the risks and rewards associated with criminal activity. This rational decision-making process implies that if the costs (such as punishment) outweigh the benefits of committing a crime, individuals will be deterred from offending.

Beccaria believed that a fair and swift legal system, along with punishments proportionate to the crimes, would effectively reduce crime rates because the fear of punishment would serve as a deterrent. This perspective inherently suggests that criminals are not simply driven by external factors or devoid of control over their actions; rather, they consciously choose their behavior based on perceived outcomes.